What Animals Are Protected Under The Animal Welfare Act

Fauna Welfare Act of 1966

Long championship	Creature Welfare Act of 1966 intended to regulate the transport, auction and treatment of dogs, cats, guinea pigs, nonhuman primates, hamsters and rabbits intended to employ for research or other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)	AWA
Enacted by	the 89th United States Congress
Constructive	Baronial 24, 1966
Citations
Public constabulary	P.L. 89-544
Statutes at Large	80 Stat. 350
Codification
U.Southward.C. sections created	7 U.S.C. § 2131 et seq.
Legislative history
Signed into law past President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 24, 1966
Major amendments
P.L. 91-579, P.L. 94-279, P.L. 91-579, P.L. 99-198, P.L. 107-171

The Animal Welfare Act (Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966, Pub.Fifty. 89–544) was signed into law past President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 24, 1966.^[1] It is the principal federal law in the U.s. that regulates the treatment of animals in research and exhibition. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and apply, only all refer to the Animal Welfare Deed (otherwise known every bit the "AWA") as the minimally adequate standard for animate being treatment and intendance. The USDA and APHIS oversee the AWA and the House and Senate Agriculture Committees have main legislative jurisdiction over the Act. Animals covered under this Act include any live or dead cat, canis familiaris, hamster, rabbit, nonhuman primate, republic of guinea hog, and any other warm-blooded animal determined by the Secretary of Agriculture for enquiry, pet apply or exhibition.^[2] Excluded from the Act are birds, rats of the genus Rattus (laboratory rats), mice of the genus Mus (laboratory mice), subcontract animals, and all cold-blooded animals.^[3]

As enacted in 1966, the AWA required all animal dealers to be registered and licensed every bit well as liable to monitoring by Federal regulators and suspension of their license if they violate any provisions of the Animal Welfare Act and imprisonment of up to a year accompanied by a fine of $1,000.^{[4] : 276, col. 2} As of the 1985 AWA subpoena, all research facilities covered by the Animal Welfare Act have been required to establish a specialized commission that includes at to the lowest degree one person trained every bit a veterinarian and one not affiliated with the facility. Such committees regularly assess animal care, treatment, and practices during research, and are required to inspect all fauna study areas at least one time every six months. The committees are also required to ensure that alternatives to animal utilize in experimentation would be used whenever possible.

History [edit]

Worldwide, the first police to regulate beast experimentation was Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, passed past the Parliament of the Uk. It established a central governing body that reviewed and approved all fauna use in enquiry. After that, numerous countries in Europe adopted regulations regarding enquiry with animals.^{[5] [half dozen]}

Although Congress discussed laboratory animal welfare in the early on 1960s, there was not enough involvement to pass legislation until articles published by Sports Illustrated and Life in 1965 and 1966, respectively, generated a public outcry.^{[5] [7]}

The kickoff article, written past Coles Phinizy, appeared in the November 29, 1965, issue of Sports Illustrated. The piece detailed the story of Pepper the Dalmatian, a dog that disappeared from the yard of the Lakavage family home in Pennsylvania. Information technology was subsequently discovered that Pepper had been stolen past "domestic dog-nappers," was bought past a Bronx hospital, and had died during an experimental surgical procedure.^[8] On July 9, 1965, Representative Joseph Y. Resnick introduced H.R. 9743 into the Firm of Representatives, a bill that would crave dog and cat dealers, as well as the laboratories that purchased the animals to be licensed and inspected past the USDA. A hearing was held on September thirty, 1965, and like legislation was sponsored in the Senate.^[five] The (Laboratory) Animal Welfare Human action of 1966 was signed into constabulary on August 24, 1966.^[9]

In 1966, Life Magazine published an article documenting the housing atmospheric condition at brute dealer facilities.^[x] The commodity, titled "Concentration Camp for Dogs," featured pictures of skeletal dogs and described the neglectful weather that the investigative journalists and Maryland Land Police found at a Maryland canis familiaris dealer's farm. As a result of these articles, the public lobbied Congress to pass a Federal police that would institute animal housing and intendance standards. ^[5]

In that location was increasing testify that dogs and cats kept as pets were beingness stolen by dealers, taken across states lines, and resold to research institutions for scientific experimentation.^[four] Many sportsmen supported national legislation because information technology was their hunting dogs that frequently went missing.^[11]

The Horse Protection Act (public Police 91-929) was passed in 1970 and protected horses confronting various damaging practices designed to produce aesthetically appealing horses, for example, "soring" the ankles to produce a high-stepping gait. Marine mammals equally a course (whales, porpoises, seals, and polar bears), for the most office, found protection under the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (Public Constabulary 92-522) of 1972, which prevented extinction or depletion from indiscriminate taking, including hunting, harassment, capture, and killing (permitted takings, including for subsistence and research purposes, must be accomplished humanely, with "the to the lowest degree degree of pain and suffering practicable to the fauna"). Endangered and threatened species were also protected with the passage in 1973 of the Endangered Species Human activity (Public Law 93-205), which made illegal the purchase, sale, or transportation in interstate or foreign commerce any species found to be endangered, and too closely regulated commerce in any species threatened with extinction.^[4]

Amendments [edit]

The Act was amended eight times (1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2007, 2008, and 2013) and is enforced by the USDA through the Animal Care sectionalization of APHIS (Brute and Establish Health Inspection Service).

In 1970, the Act was amended (Pub.L. 91–579) to include all warm-blooded animals used in testing, experimentation, exhibition, as pets or sold as pets.^[iv] Certain cases could exist exempted from such definitions unless they used live brute in substantial numbers. Fines were increased for those interfering with an investigation of an experimentation facility. Those found guilty of assaulting or killing Federal inspectors responsible for such tasks as well faced boosted sentencing. Bones treatment was expanded to include humane and reasonable handling of the animals, and required shelter from weather condition and temperature extremes, proper ventilation, adequate housing, decent sanitation, and adequate veterinarian intendance at all stages in the animal'southward life.^[12]

The Act was further amended in 1976 (Pub.L. 94–279) to farther regulate animal treatment during transportation. Animals were to be kept in fairly sized traveling accommodations, and to be kept from fighting amidst one another. The definition of beast was broadened to rid the law of the possible estimation that dogs used for hunting, security, and breeding were not included in its protection.^[13]

The Human activity was amended in the Food Security Act of 1985 (Pub.L. 99–198).^[14] Nether this police force, it was not permitted for a single animal to be used in more than one major operative experiment, from which it was besides allowed adequate time to recover as guided by a veterinarian with proper training. This subpoena directed new minimum standards for the handling, housing, sanitation, feeding and other care practices. The psychological well-being of the animals was at present taken into consideration as information technology never had been before. I provision that stood out at this time was the requirement for the do of dogs and psychological well being of primates. The law as well requires enquiry facilities to be able to describe painful practices too as implement practices that minimize pain and stress to the animals. Another requirement made under this law was for each research facility to institute an Institutional Fauna Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee research proposals and provide oversight of brute experimentation.^[2] The Food Security Act also established an information center at the National Agricultural Library, the Animal Welfare Information Centre, to assist researchers in searching scientific literature for alternatives to animal use.

In 1990, The Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 was amended by calculation SEC. 2503, Protection of Pets (Pub.Fifty. 101–624).^[15] This section established a holding period for cats and dogs of not less than v days at a holding facility of the dealer, so that the animal could be adopted or recovered by their original owner before it is sold. The provision applies to operated pounds, research facilities, or private organizations. It also requires that a written certification with the beast'south groundwork be provided to the recipient. Details should include a description of the animal, history of the animal's transfers, records, and modifications, and signatures from the dealer and recipient. Repeat violations of this section are field of study to a $5000 fine per cat or domestic dog acquired or sold. Three or more violations could result in the dealer'south license being permanently revoked.^[16] Prior to the Animal Welfare Act, creature welfare police was largely reactive and action could just exist taken in one case an animal had suffered unnecessarily.

In 2002, Title X, Subtitle D, of the Subcontract Security and Rural Investment Act amended the Fauna Welfare Act of 1966 by changing the definition of animal (Pub.L. 107–171). Department 2 of the Animal Welfare Act (7 UsaC. 2132) was amended by changing exclusions specifically to birds, rats of the genus Rattus, and mice of the genus Mus to use in research. Additionally, this law expanded the regulation of animate being fighting, making it a misdemeanor to ship, exhibit, or sponsor birds for fighting purposes. Penalties under this section could result in a fine of $15000.^[3]

In 2007, The Animate being Fighting Prohibition Reinforcement Act amended section 26 of the Animal Welfare Deed (Pub.L. 110–22). Its purpose was to strengthen prohibitions against creature fighting, and under the provisions of the AWA information technology fabricated animal fighting a felony with penalty of up to iii years in prison under Championship 18 of the U.S Code( Crimes and Criminal Procedure). The deed likewise made it a felony to trade, have knives, gaffs or other objects that aided in apply of animal fighting. Also, these provisions were designed to close the loopholes from the 2002 amendments.^[two]

In 2008, the Food, Conservation, and Free energy Human activity of 2008, added several new amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (Pub.Fifty. 110–246). Information technology added more than prohibitions to training, possessing and advertising animals or sharp objects for apply in animal fighting. The penalties for these crimes were raised to three–5 years imprisonment. The 2008 amendments also prohibited imports for resale of dogs unless they were at to the lowest degree vi months of age, have all necessary vaccinations and are in skillful wellness. Furthermore, fines for violations of the Brute Welfare Act increased from $2500 to $ten,000 per violation, per brute and per solar day.^[17]

In 2013, "An Human action to Amend the Animate being Welfare Act to Change the Definition of 'Exhibitor'," added an owner of a common, domesticated household pet who derives less than a substantial portion of income from a nonprimary source (as determined past the Secretary) for exhibiting an animal that exclusively resides at the residence of the pet owner, subsequently stores, in department 2(h).^[18]

Legislative and regulatory documents tracing the history of the Fauna Welfare Act can be establish on the Animal Welfare Human activity History Digital Collection.^[19]

Licensing and registration [edit]

The U.S Section of Agriculture (USDA) requires businesses that either buy or sell warmblooded animals, exhibit them to the public, transport them commercially, or utilize them in teaching or experiments, must be licensed or registered. Failure to become licensed or registered is a punishable violation of the Animal Welfare Act. Depending on the basis of the business, the Animal and Plant Wellness Inspection services (APHIS) determines whether the business organization should be licensed, registered, or both. Business owners are responsible for knowing about registration and licensing requirements.^[20]

Businesses and activities covered [edit]

Federal animal intendance standards mainly encompass humane handling, housing, space, feeding, sanitation, shelter from extremes of weather, acceptable veterinary care, transportation, and handling in transit. The same standards of beast care apply to all registered and licensed businesses. To brand sure the regulation and standards are followed, APHIS field inspectors brand periodic unannounced visits to all locations where animals are held.

If any facility does non meet federal standards when they apply for a license or registration, they tin can receive upwardly to iii inspections inside a period 90 days to right any problems. The licenses are non issued until all issues are corrected. The facilities have to expect for a minimum of 6 months before reapplying for a license if they do not pass inspection within the 90-twenty-four hour period period. Legal action results if the facility operates a regulated business concern without a license.^[20]

Under the Creature Welfare Act, exhibitors and animal dealers must obtain a license, for which an annual fee is charged. APHIS does non effect a license until it inspects the facility and finds it to be in compliance with its regulations. Inquiry facilities and animate being transporters do not need a license, only must be registered with APHIS.^[2]

Animal dealers [edit]

Dealers that breed animals for sale to pet stores must be in compliance with AWA regulations.

Animal dealers are people who sell animals bred at their facility. Examples of dealers include pet and laboratory animal breeders and brokers, sale operators, and everyone who sells exotic or wild animals, or dead animals or their parts. They must be licensed under class "A" or "B". Class A licenses are given to breeders who deal just in animals they breed and raise. Grade B licenses are given to people who buy and sell animals they did not heighten. Exempt from the law and regulations are retail pet stores, those who sell pets directly to pet owners, hobby breeders, animal shelters, and boarding kennels. The annual license fee for licensed animal dealers (Form A or B) ranges from $30 to $750, depending on the annual dollar volume of business in regulated animals. An annual application fee of $10 must be paid with all yearly license renewal applications.^[2]

Exhibitors [edit]

An exhibitor is a business or a person that displays animals to the public. Exhibitors must exist licensed by APHIS under Class C licenses. Exhibitors include zoos, educational displays or exhibits, marine mammal shows, circuses, carnivals, and animal acts. The constabulary and regulations exempt agricultural shows and fairs, horse shows, pet shows, game preserves, hunting events, and individual collectors who do not showroom. The annual license fee for Course C licensed brute exhibitors ranges from $30 to $300, depending on the number of regulated animals held. In addition to the annual license fee, an application fee of $10 must be paid with all yearly license renewal applications.^[2]

Transporters [edit]

A person with a commercial business that moves animals from one location to some other is considered a transporter under the AWA. Animal transporters must be registered, including general carriers such every bit trucking companies, airlines, and railroads. Businesses that contract to transport animals for compensation are considered dealers and must have licenses.^[21]

Inquiry facilities [edit]

Humane care and handling of research animals are important aspects of the AWA.

Research facilities are those that utilise animals for didactics, experimentation, surgery, or testing purposes. Enquiry facilities must be registered, and include state and local authorities-run research laboratories, universities, and colleges, diagnostic laboratories, and pharmaceutical firms. Federal facilities, uncomplicated and secondary schools, and agricultural enquiry institutions are among those exempt from registration.

Exclusions [edit]

At that place is much contend as to the bodily definition of an brute, simply for the purpose of AWA, birds, rats, mice, horses, and other farm animals were excluded from its protection every bit initially legislated in 1966.^[4] The virtually unremarkably used animals in laboratories are rats and mice, and therefore they were non regulated in the original constabulary. Purpose-bred rats of the genus Rattus and mice of the genus Mus are not covered by the Brute Welfare Act, but are regulated under PHS policy which applies just to research receiving federal funding from certain federal agencies, including the NIH. These are non federal laws only atmospheric condition of funding.

Sure weather condition are besides excluded from coverage by AWA. Animals that are killed prior to usage, such equally frogs used in a biology form, are also not included, so long every bit they are killed humanely.

Facilities that practice not receive Federal funding, such as behave armories, were also not covered by the Human action.

In January 2015 Michael Moss of The New York Times published an exposé on the declared mistreatment of research animals at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Centre. Among other things, Moss's commodity asserted that the center had no veterinarians on its staff, with surgical procedures done by workers without veterinary degrees or licenses; and that the Act contains an exemption for farm animals used in agronomical research, which exemption covers the USMARC's activities.^[22]

Enforcement [edit]

Investigations and inspections [edit]

APHIS's Brute Care (AC) program oversees the AWA, which includes about ten,300 facilities. These Ac officials make unannounced facility inspections to ensure they are in compliance with regulations, and to place unregistered facilities. They make such inspections or investigations of any dealer, exhibitor, research facility, handler, carrier, or operator of an auction sale, to decide if they accept violated provisions nether this affiliate. Under the Animal Welfare Act, these facilities are to exist inspected at to the lowest degree once a year, with follow-up inspections conducted until deficiencies are corrected. If deficiencies are found, failure to correct them could result in fines, cease and desist orders, suspensions, confiscation of animals and loss of licensing. In that location are besides penalties for interfering with inspections.^[23]

Violations [edit]

If the Secretarial assistant of Agriculture has any reason to suspect that whatsoever licensed dealer, carrier, or operator violates any provision of the AWA, then their license may be suspended temporarily, simply non to exceed 21 days, until a hearing is held. After the hearing, the license may be revoked if the violation is determined to have occurred.^[23]

Any dealer, carrier, exhibitor, handler, operator, or research facility that violates any provision of the AWA may be assessed a penalisation of no more than than $10,000 for each violation. Any person who knowingly fails to obey an lodge fabricated by the Secretarial assistant of Agronomics is field of study to a civil penalization of $one,500 for each criminal offence.^[23]

Any dealer, exhibitor, carrier, handler, sale operator, or research facility may seek a review of an order within lx days at the United States Court of Appeals.^[23]

Incidents [edit]

The 2006 HBO picture "Dealing Dogs" documents an underground operation targeting a "Class B" kennel which treated dogs inhumanely, violating the Act. The owners of the kennel were fined over $200,000 as the result of a USDA adapt.^[24]

In 2011, the Dollarhite family of Nixa, Missouri, were fined $90,643 for selling several thou dollars worth of rabbits without a license, which is required of people selling more than than $500 worth of rabbits sold as pets. The USDA has increased enforcement of the law in recent years, targeting magicians who perform magic tricks with rabbits.^[25]

In 2013, the USDA found that China Southern Airlines had improperly transported over a m monkeys without federal permission in insecure crates. The airline was forced to pay $26,038 worth of fines after over a dozen of them died. ^[26]

Court cases [edit]

International Primate Protection League v. Institute for Behavioral Research [edit]

In 1981, a graduate student and PETA member, Alex Pacheco, volunteered at a research center in Silver Spring, Maryland. At the fourth dimension, Edward Taub was conducting enquiry on monkeys for neuroplasticity purposes at that center. While Alex spent time at the enquiry middle, he noticed the inhumane treatment of the monkeys under the AWA and reported it to the law. He filed accommodate against Edward Taub, who was researching afferent ganglia. Edward Taub was convicted of vi animal cruelty charges, which were appealed in the second trial.^{[27] [28]} They proved to be meaning in the understanding of the law. While this example provided an advancement in neurology research, information technology was doing so only by risking inhumane treatment of animals.^[29] Equally the court wrote in its opinion:

To imply a cause of action in these plaintiffs might entail serious consequences. It might open the use of animals in biomedical enquiry to the hazards and vicissitudes of courtroom litigation. It may describe judges into the supervision and regulation of laboratory research. It might unleash a spate of private lawsuits that would impede advances made by medical [sic] science in the consolation of human being suffering. To risk consequences of this magnitude in the absence of clear direction from the Congress would be ill-advised. In fact, we are persuaded that Congress intended that the independence of medical [sic] research be respected and that administrative enforcement govern the Animal Welfare Human activity.^[27]

Fauna Legal Defense Fund 5. Glickman [edit]

In 1998, a courtroom case was argued on behalf of the Animal Legal Defense force Fund v. Daniel Glickman (then the Secretary of Agriculture), for the inhumane treatment of a primate named Barney at a Long Island game subcontract park and zoo. A human named Marc Jurnove had visited this park on a regular ground and noticed this primate had been neglected. He filed suit against the USDA for declining to meet the minimum standards under the AWA and his allegations were supported by investigations. The U.Due south. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit Court ruled that he had standing to sue.^[30] The merits of the instance were adamant by a later on case: Animal Legal Defense Fund five. Glickman, 204 F.3d 229 (2001), in which the Court rejected Jurnove's argument and upheld the validity of the USDA regulations.

907 Whitehead Street, Inc. v. U.S. Secretarial assistant of Agriculture [edit]

In 2012, in the case of 907 Whitehead Street, Inc. vs U.S. Secretarial assistant of Agriculture (USDA), the plaintiff challenged the jurisdiction of the USDA and its Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to regulate the Ernest Hemingway Dwelling and Museum as an brute exhibitor.^[31] The museum is home to dozens of polydactyl cats, the progeny of a true cat that Ernest Hemingway was given as a pet when he lived in that location during the 1930s. Post-obit a complaint by a museum visitor, the USDA visited the museum and in October 2003, determined that the Museum was an animal exhibitor subject to regulation under the AWA because the Museum exhibited the cats for the cost of an admission fee, and the cats were used in promotional advertising. Nether USDA regulations, the museum is required to obtain a USDA exhibitor'due south license, give each true cat a tag for identification purposes, provide additional resting surfaces within their existing enclosures, and innovate one of several specified improvements required to ensure the cats remain contained to the museum'south grounds. The museum challenged on several grounds the USDA'due south authority in the example, noting that the Hemingway cats do not have an effect on interstate commerce sufficient to merit federal regulation. As of December 2012, the case had reached the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, which upheld earlier district court rulings.^[31]

Public relations [edit]

The USDA enforces the AWA and conducts regular inspections. Beast intendance will perform inspections in response to public concerns for the conditions of regulated facilities. They encourage individuals to study unregulated facilities that may require licenses or registration. Many state and local governments take fauna welfare laws of their own.^[32]

Animal care seeks to educate the public and create a cooperative relationship with licensed and registered entities, the animal protection community, and other Federal and State agencies. To accomplish this goal, Animal care conducts workshops regarding minimum intendance standards as outlined in the AWA.^[32]

Proposed amendments [edit]

Many animal welfare groups and animal activists support strengthening and further enforcement of the human action. The act is oftentimes criticized for its exclusions of rats and mice, which are the most widely used laboratory animals.^[33] Although the act was amended to include all warmblooded animals in 1970, birds, mice, and rats were subsequently excluded in 2002.^[3] Some, withal, feel that additional animals that are not warmblooded, should be included in the act's protection. Some members of Congress have supported additional funding for enforcing the act.^[34]

At that place take been numerous sanctions taken confronting individuals and agencies that accept been found in violation. A database of violations, reports, and sanctions on behalf of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) can exist found on the Fauna and Plant Health Inspection Service website.^[35]

See likewise [edit]

• Animal Welfare Act 2006
• Animal Welfare Institute
• The Humane Lodge of the United States

References [edit]

1. ^ Pritt, Stacy (20 May 2015). "Spotlight on Brute Welfare". ALN Mag. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015 – via alnmag.com.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Tadlock Cowan (9 September 2010). "The Animal Welfare Act: Background and Selected Legislation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
3. ^ ^{a b c} 107th Congress, H.R. 2646 (23 January 2002). "Public Law 107-171--Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002". United states Department of Agriculture - National Agronomical Library. U.s.a. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved one July 2012.
4. ^ ^{a b c d due east} U.South. Congress, Office of Technology Cess (February 1986). Alternatives to Fauna Use in Enquiry, Testing, and Educational activity (PDF). U.Southward. Congress, Office of Technology Cess. NTIS order #PB86-183134. Retrieved one June 2012 – via princeton.edu.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Animal Welfare Information Center. "Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Deed - Introduction: Animal Welfare Information Center". Nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
6. ^ Brown, Congressman G.E. (1997). 30 Years of the Animal Welfare Act. Creature Welfare Information Center Bulletin viii: 1-2, 23.
7. ^ Stevens, C. (1990). Laboratory Animal Welfare. In: Animals and Their Legal Rights, Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C., p. 66-111.
8. ^ Daniel Engber (ane June 2009). "Where'southward Pepper?". Slate. Washington Post Company. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
9. ^ "An Human activity to Authorize the Secretarial assistant of Agriculture to Regulate the Transportation, Sale, and Handling of Dogs, Cats, and Certain Other Animals Intended to Be Used for Purposes of Inquiry and Experimentation, and for Other Purposes : 89-544". Animate being Welfare Act History Digital Collection. August 24, 1966. Retrieved November eighteen, 2020.
10. ^ Wyman, Stan (4 Feb 1966). "Pets for sale cheap—no questions asked: Concentration camps for dogs". Life Mag. lx (5): 22. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
11. ^ B. Eastward. Rollin, Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, and Agriculture, American Club 68, no. 3456–3461 (1990)
12. ^ "An Act to Amend the Act of Baronial 24, 1966 Relating to the Care of Certain Animals Used for Purposes of Inquiry, Experimentation, or Held for Auction every bit Pets : Public Law 91-579". Creature Welfare Human action History Digital Collection. Dec 24, 1970. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
13. ^ "An Act to Amend the Human activity of August 24, 1966, as Amended, to Increase the Protection Afforded Animals in Transit and to Clinch Humane Treatment of Certain Animals, and for Other Purposes : Public Law 94-279". Beast Welfare Human action History Digital Drove. April 22, 1976. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
14. ^ "Food Security Deed of 1985. Office 2 Public Laws". Beast Welfare Act History Digital Collection. December xx, 1985. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
15. ^ "Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Merchandise Act of 1990: To Extend and Revise Agronomical Toll Support and Related Programs, to Provide for Agronomical Consign, Resource Conservation, Farm Credit, and Agricultural Research and Related Programs, to Ensure". Animal Welfare Human action History Digital Collection. October 28, 1990. Retrieved Nov eighteen, 2020.
16. ^ 101ST CONGRESS (28 Nov 1990). "PUBLIC LAW 101-624--NOV. 28, 1990". Public Law 101-624, Nutrient, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, Section 2503 - Protection of Pets. United states of america Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on iii June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
17. ^ "Public Law 110-246 - Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008". awic.nal.usda.gov. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
18. ^ An Act to Amend the Animate being Welfare Deed to Modify the Definition of "Exhibitor."
19. ^ "Animal Welfare Act History Digital Drove". National Agricultural Library . Retrieved November 18, 2020.
20. ^ ^{a b} USDA - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) (Baronial 2005). "Licensing and Registration Nether the Animal Welfare Human activity Guidelines for Dealers, Exhibitors, Transporters, and Researchers" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2012. Retrieved two June 2012.
21. ^ Staff (22 March 2010). "Home > Animal Welfare". USDA. U.s. Department of Agronomics. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
22. ^ Moss, Michael (January nineteen, 2015). "U.S. Research Lab Lets Livestock Endure in Quest for Profit". The New York Times.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Staff (2009). "Chapter 54—TRANSPORTATION, Sale, AND Treatment OF CERTAIN ANIMALS". United States Code, 2009 Edition. United States Congress. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
24. ^ New York Times
25. ^ "USDA fines Missouri family unit $90k for selling a few rabbits without a license". 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-05-28.
26. ^ China Southern Airlines charged with violations of the Animal Welfare Human action of 1966. Retrieved from China Southern Airlines#Controversy
27. ^ ^{a b} "International Primate Protection League v. Institute for Behavioral Research, 799 F.2d 934". Apa.org. Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
28. ^ "creature welfare act 1966 primate - Google Scholar". Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
29. ^ "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy". Strokeassociation.org. 2012-04-eighteen. Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
30. ^ "beast welfare act of 1966 - Google Scholar". Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
31. ^ ^{a b} "Example: 11-14217: 907 Whitehead Street, Inc. vs U.Due south. Secretary of Agriculture and Dr. Chester A. Gipson" (PDF). U.S. Courtroom of Appeals for the 11th Circuit. 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2012-12-17 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
32. ^ ^{a b} "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-04-26 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
33. ^ Krinke, George J. (June 15, 2000). "History, Strains and Models". The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals). Gillian R. Bullock (serial ed.), Tracie bunton (series ed.). Academic Press. pp. iii–sixteen. ISBN 0-12-426400-X.
34. ^ Chris Smith (March 3, 2012), "Brute Welfare Enforcement."
35. ^ "Animate being Welfare". The Animal and Plant Wellness Inspection Service. U.s. Section of Agriculture. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on ane July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

Farther reading [edit]

• Irvine, Leslie. 2009. Filling the Ark: Animal Welfare in Disasters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-834-0
• Alix Fano, Lethal Laws (White Lotus Co. Ltd, 1997).
• Bekoff, Marc, Encyclopedia of Brute Rights and Animal Welfare, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2010).
• Jann Hau and G. 50. Van Hoosier, Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science: Essential principles and practices.

External links [edit]

• Beast Welfare Act and Brute Welfare Regulations from the United States Department of Agriculture
• Animal Welfare Human action History Digital Collection from the National Agricultural Library (U.S.)
• Biosecurity New Zealand - guide to the New Zealand Animal Welfare Act
• Animal Welfare Data Center, National Agricultural Library (USDA)
• grants.nih.gov

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966

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